EditorialEditorial Utadeo
PaísColombia

From free trade to globalization uncovering the mist of 21st century

- Autor: José Alberto Pérez Toro

Descripción›

One topic of interest for the social sciences and similar fields, such as business administration, economics and political science is globalization. Many researchers suggest that this is a new topic. Our research; however, looked into the assumptions of political and economic history concerning the particularities of this event and attempted to establish the existence of common events taking place in the 19th century that gave rise to the formation of a world trade system. This exercise aimed at seeking explanations that would help us better understand the emerging phenomenon of globalization. It was found that Great Britain, as a nation extended across the globe, experienced an enormous and unprecedented maritime and territorial expansion. We consider that this was a significant and most certainly very complex globalizing experiment.

Tipo de Contenido›

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION

PART I

INITIAL CONDITIONS THAT EXPLAIN THE PATH OF THE MODERN WORLD

MARKET SYSTEM

1.1. FORMATION OF THE MOOERN WORLD-SVSTEM

1.1.1. Formation of the World-Political and Economic System

1. 1.2. Old and New Conditions for Modern World Trade Expansion

1.2.2 TH CENTURV TRAOE BLOCS ANO THE GLOBAL MARKET

1.2.1. Institutional Arrangements leading to Market Integration

1.2.2. International Political Economy transforms the Expanding World Mwkt

1.2.3. Removal of Historical Constraints to Trade

1.3.IDENTIFICATION OF NEW CONOITIONS ro INCREASE WORLD GROWTH

1.3.1. Economic Theory and the Criteria of Convergence

1.3.2. Mitigation of Systemic Risk to Capitallnvestment

PART II

FROM THE GLOBAL LIBERAL ORDER TO A GLOBAL MARKET SYSTEM

2.1. HISTORV'S VIEW ON ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION

2.7.7. Spread ofthe Idea ofthe World System

2.7.2. States assume in the 20th Century a new Notion of Globalization

2.2.INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND WORLD TRADE

2.2.7. New Political Organizations promote Institutional Changes

2.2.2. Diffusion of Trade Agreements and Formation of Economic Blocks

2.3. MOOERNIZATION ANO COUNTRY'S REGIONAL OEVElOPMENT

2.3.7. The Social Modernization Process

2.3.2. City-Region Promotes Sustaining Growth Paths

2.3.3. The Concept of Economic Geography relates to New Economic Growth Paths

PART III

FORMATION OF THE EMERGING WORLD POLITICAL SYSTEM

3.1. THE NATION-STATE IN THE WORLD-SYSTEM

3.7.7. The Sovereign Ruler and the 79th century World System

3.7.2. World War 1/: the New Order and Democratic PrincipIes in the 27't Century

3.7.3. The Cold War and the Emerging Power of the International System

3.2. DEMOCRACY AND GLOBALIZATION

3.3. SOVEREIGNTY ANO THE GLOBAL SYSTEM

PART IV

CAPITALlSM SPREADS AROUND THE GLOBE

4.1. WALLERSTEIN 'S VIEW ABOUT THE FORMATION OF A ONE-WORLD MARKET SYSTEM

4.7.7. Initial Conditions to Create a World Economic-System

4.7.2. Path to Capital Accumulation vio Industrial and Agricultural Innovation

4.7.3. Industrial Revolution Experience and the Role ofTechnical Innovation Practices

4.2.INOUSTRIAL REVOLUTlON ANO TH PATH OF WORLD ECONOMIC ACCUMULATION

4.2.7. New Institutíons help Countrie's' Foffow a Growth Path

4.2.2. From an Economic System to a Global Market

4.3.INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY PROPOSALS TO SUSTAIN A GROWING WORLD MARKET

4.3.1. The Emerging Role of the Bankers as Globallnvestors

THE TWENTV-FIRST CENTURV ANO THE GLOBAL KNOWLEOGE ECONOMIY'S OPPORTUNITIES

5.1. APPLICABLE KNOWLEOGE AS THE FACTOR THAT HAS LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCE ON SUSTAINING GROWTH

5.1.1. Comparing Two-Century's Transition

5.1.2. Emerging Countries and the New Economic Order

5.2. KNOWLEOGE BECOMES A NEW SOURCE OF WORLO POWER

5.2.1. Institutional Access to Trade System

5.2.2. Linking Political and Economic Interests

5.2.3. Wider Scope of the Theory of Political Economy

5.3. KNOWLEOGE IS A SOURCE OF ENOOGENOUS GROWTH IN THE 21sT CENTURY

5.3.1. Rate of Growth associates to the New Growth Model

5.3.2. Scale Economies and Technological lnnovation

5.4. KNOWLEOGE ECONOMY CHANGES WORLO MARKETS STRUCTURE

5.4.1. Protectionism or Convergence

5.4.2. Old and New Views about Growth

5.4.3. Making Growth a Con vergen t Process

5.4.4. Innovation and the New Growth Theory

5.4.5. Future of the New-Economy

5.5. THE MULTINATIONAL SPREAOS KNOWLEOGE IN THE GLOBAL MARKET

5.5.1. Technology Spreads Globaffy

PART VI

WORLD FINANCIAL MARKETS ANO GLOBAL POLITICS

6.1. GOLD AND THE EMERGING 19TH CENTURV WORLD FINANCIAL SYSTEM

6.1.1. Gold Standard and Theories of Expanding Credit Facilities

6.1.2. Central Banking, Business Abroad and the Rule of Gold

6.1.3. World Financial Organization

6.1.4. The British Investor Overseas

6.1.5. Global Politics and World Liquid Surpluses

6.1.6. Expansion ofWorld Financial System

6.2. TWENTV FIRST CENTURV GLOBAL CAPITAL MOVEMENTS

6.2.1. Sustaining Trade and Global Finances

6.2.2. Organization of Global Capital Markets

6.2.3. Adoption of a "One World Currency"

6.3. COLOMBIA LlNKED TO THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL SYSTEM

6.3.1. The Capital Market becomes Global

6.3.2. Investment Banking and New Financing Instruments

PART VII

THE NATlON-STATE TRANSFERS ITS SOVEREIGNTYTO NEW POLITICAL ACTORS

7.1. DEMOCRACV, MULTILATERALISM AND TRADE BUILDING BLOCKS

7.1.1. Historical Development of Regionalism in the Americas

7.1.2. Trade and the Transforming Model of Democracy

7.1.3. Strategic Considerations about New Economic Integration facing Global Markets

7.1.4. Multilateralism and Bilateralism in the 1990's

7.1.5. Economic Integration Experiences

7.2. FIRST ATTEMPT TO ACHIEVE INTEGRATION. 1991-2000. COLOMBIA AND THE UNITED STATES

7.2.1. U.S. Mechanisms to Promote Trade-The Fast Track

7.2.2. The Unilateral U.S. Agenda and 1998 Houston Project

7.2.3. Strategy to Democratize Politics vio "The Plan Colombia"

7.2.4. Andean Trade Preference Act-ATPA and Drug's Control

7.2.5. The U.S. Agenda Evolves to the Caribbean Basin Initiative-C.B.I

7.3. A SECOND ATTEMPT TO ACHIEVE HEMISPHERIC ECONOMIC INTEGRATlON AFTER MINISTERIAL TRAOE MEETING HELO IN TORONTO-1999

7.3.1. Tripartite Committee of NAFTA in the OAS Assembly

7.3.2. Ministerial Conference ofthe Seattle-WTO and other talksYear 2000

7.3.3. FTAA and Ministerial Meetings

7.4. THE THIRD ATTEMPT TO INTEGRATlON. MIAMI ANO THE FIRST SUMMIT OF THE AMERICAS (OECEMBER 9-11, 1994)

7.4.1. Santiago de Chile and the Second Summit of the Americas (April1998)

7.4.2. The Third Summit of Quebec, ApriI20-22, 2001 and the Fourth Summit of Mar del Plata, November 4-5,2005

7.4.3. Fifth Summit ofTrinidad-2009

7.4.4. Exclusion of Cuba from the Inter-American System and Emerging Possibilities

7.4.5. Multilateral Scope of the Summit of the Americas. The Last Hemispheric /ntegration Effort

7.4.6. New U.S. Vision towards Latin America-Sixth Summit of the Americas held in Cartagena

PART VIII

REACHING BILATERAL FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS-FTA'S

8.1. FACING THE OISCOURAGEMENT OF THE FREE TRAOE OF THE AMERICAS

8.2. LEARNING FROM WORKING GROUPS ON THE FTAA

8.3. THE FTA'S BILATERAL OISCUSSION BETWEEN COLOMBIA ANO THE UNITEO STATES-NEW WISOOM

8.3.1. Usefulness of the export model

8.4. PERSUAOING COLOMBIA TO OPEN ITS ECONOMY

8.4.1. The new comm ercial spirit of the FTA

8.5. AGREEING ON SUCCESSIVE STAGES THE USA-COLOMBIA'S FTA NEGOTIATION

8.5.7. Improvements around the HA, Colombia-United States Accord

PART IX

REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT: A ROUTE TO GLOBALIZATION

9.1. CITIES AND REGIONS: lINKS TO THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

9.7.7. Colombia faces Regional and Urban Development

9.7.2. Theoretical Framework to Regional Development

9.7.3. Gravity Analysis and Regional Development

9.2. THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENTS ON REGIONAL ANO URBAN ECONOMICS

9.2.7. Localization Theory

9.2.2. Economic Geography

9.2.3. Cumulative Causation and In vestmen t Location for Growth

9.2.4. Regional Development leads to Integration to Global Markets

9.3. REGIONAL SPECIAlIZATION ANO CONVERGENT GROWTH

9.3.7. Evidences of Divergent Growth in some Countries

9.4. ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHV ANO CITV-REGION

9.4.7. The New Intemational Atmosphere - Global Trade Framework

THE CITV-REGION A MODERN ACTOR TO COMPETE IN THE ENVIRONMENT OF GLOBALIZATION

10.1. THE CITV-REGION

10.2. COMPETING TECHNOPOLIS IN THE GLOBAL MARKET

10.2.7. Scope of the City-Region in México and North America

10.2.2. The Future City of China

10.2.3. Urban Policy: the Case of Guatemala City

10.2.4. The City in Latin America-A New Set of Problems

10.2.5. City-Region a Route to World Competition

10.2.6. City-Region and Global Financiallnstitutions

10.3.INVESTMENT BANKING ANO RISK CAPITAL

10.3.7. New Products

10.3.2. Guarantees and Risk Assets

10.3.3. Assigning Asset Titles

PART XI

THE CRISIS OF THE DOLLAR ANO THE EURO, EFFECTS ON THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY. "GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS"

11.1.INTRODUCTION

11.2. GLOBAL ORDER ANO THE CRISIS OF THE DOLLAR ANO THE EURO

11.3. UNITED STATES ANO ITS INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POllCY STRATEGY

11.4. GLOBALIZATION, DOLLAR ANO THE CRISIS OF THE WORLD ECONOMIC SYSTEM

11.5. THE EXTERNAL SHOCK PRODUCE O BV THE EURO CRISIS

11.6. CONCLUSION

PART XII

CONCLUDING REMARKS ABOUT THE HISTORICAL ROOTS OF GLOBALIZATION

12.1. FROM GLOBAL ECONOMIC HISTORV TO GLOBALIZATION

12.2. GLOBALIZATION ANO ECONOMIC CYCLES

12.3. GEOPOLITICS ANO MODERN GLOBALIZATION. THE AGE OF CULTURALLY ANO ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

12.4. SCOPE OF THE CONCEPTS OF GLOBALIZATION, GOVERNANCE, COMPETITIVENESS ANO TECHNOLOGV

FROM FREE TRADE 10 GLOBALIZATION

REFERENCES

APENDIX 1

BIBLlOGRAPHICAL REFFERENCES

APENDIX 2

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH ON INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY

APENDIX 3

LITERATURE ON ECONOMIC INTEGRATlON IN LATIN AMERICA

APENDIX 4

LITERATURE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE "CITY REGION"

APENDIX 5

LlTERATURE ON THE CHAPTER ABOUT"GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS"

APENDIX 6

BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE HISTORICAL ROOTS OF GLOBALIZATION

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From free trade to globalization uncovering the mist of 21st century

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